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The first royal dynasty in Frankskom State are considered Merovingian (Berlin V. - 751)

Thu, 31 May 2007 09:10 -0700

Medieval France. The first royal dynasty in Frankskom State are considered Merovingian (Berlin V. - 751). It was based dynasty named polulegendarnogo founder kind-Meroveya. The most prominent representative of Great - I (rules with 481 for 511, with 486 kingdom). The latest is Hilderik III (rules with 743 on 751 died in 754). Their capital to 561 grams was Mets. Verdensky 843 city contract, which established F., separated from the territory of the former Gallii the eastern part of the Rhine estuary to estuary Rony, amounting to a narrow strip between F. and Germany, but populated largely romance tribe. There soon formed two kingdoms : Lorraine in the north and Burgundy in the south (see Table. II stake VI), both long soedinivshiesya with Germany (the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation). Historic maps of France. Tab. II. VI. France in the town of 987 VII. France in 1180 VIII. France in 1328 IX.

France XIV and XV century. Historic maps of France. Tab. II. VI. France in the town of 987 VII. France in 1180 VIII. France in 1328 IX. France XIV and XV century. France was once an area outside Gallii-south of the Pyrenees (Spanish brand of Charlemagne). In recent Karolingah France at the beginning of segmented seigniories, and when vosshestvii throne Kapetingov dynasty (987 in the city; See Table. II stake VI) in the kingdom, there were nine major holdings : 1) County Flanders, 2), Duke of Normandy, 3) The Duke of France, 4), Duke of Burgundy, 5), Duke of Aquitaine (Gien), 6) Duke Gaskon, 7) County Tuluzskoe, 8) markizat Gotiya and 9) County Barcelona (Spain grade). As time went even further fragmentation; Of these holdings into two new, of which the most significant were the county Brittany, Blois, Anzhu, Troyes, Never, Peter (cf. resp. Art.) . The immediate possession of the first kings of the dynasty Kapetingov was narrow area tyanuvshayasya north and south of Paris, and very slowly rasshiryavshayasya in different directions; During the first two centuries (987-1180), it grew only half (cf. table. II cards VI and VII). At the same time, under the authority of the British kings, a large portion of that time in France. In 1066 the Duke of Normandy, William won England, resulting in Normandy and England joined with one another. A century later (1154) kings of England and Normandy gertsogami making up boxes Anzhuyskie (Plantagenety), and the first king of this dynasty, Henry II, by marrying the heir Aquitaine, Eleonore, acquired the entire southwest F. (see Table. II stake VII). Home "collection" put F. Philip II in August (1180-1223), who, incidentally, has Vermandua part Artua, Normandy, Brittany, Anzhu, Maine, Turen, Auvergne, etc. smaller land. Grandson Philip II, St. Louis (1226-1270), made a major acquisition in the south of France; Tuluzskie boxes were recognized on a power F. King and give him a large part of their holdings until the end of 1272 vladetelnogo Toulouse at home has not caused when Philippe III, adherence to the royal lands and the rest of those holdings.

Beautiful Philip IV (1285-1314) bought in 1312 and his Lion area, and married to Joanna Navarrskoy a foundation for future claims royal houses at its heritage (Shampan, etc.), which was later (1361), with John Dobrom, and was finally fixed. Entry to the throne in 1328 Valua dynasty was marked inclusion of the royal holdings its hereditary dukedom. In 1349 joined Dofine, the cease local dynasty. Generally, gains in F. royal power over one and a half centuries, leaking from the accession of Philip II Augustus (1180), until the end Kapetingov dynasty (1328), were very high : the royal domains much expanded (with many hit land, but in the hands of other members of a royal clan) whereas possession feudal seniors and the English King declined (see table. II stake VIII). But at the first king of the new dynasty began centenary war with the British, in the first period, which the French king, a treaty on Bretini 1360, was abandoned in favour of English on a variety of land (see table. II stake IX). In the first third of the XV. France made the case even worse; Britons seized huge territory to the Loire. Paused this war process of collecting France resumed with Carla VII (1422-1461), who managed to expel the British. Among the fiefs of the descendants of St. Louis in this era vozvysilas Burgundy, which has rested its western part in France (see table. II stake IX), in eastern Germany. Louis XI (1461-1483) in 1477, added the French (Duke of Burgundy) to their possessions. In addition, the king has the right to inherit from the last column Anzhuyskogo Provence (1481), won Bulone (1477) and subjugated itself Pikardiyu. When Carla VIII (1483-1498) ended Men line vladetelnogo homes Brittany (1488); Heir of his rights was the wife of Charles VIII, following his death emerged for Louis XII (1498-1515), which was prepared and adherence Brittany. Thus, a history F. comes almost united, and it remains to grow mainly on the east by St. Roman Empire. The first such acquisition (three letters : Mets, Tul and Verden), it was done with Heinrich II, but finally approved only centuries later. Mainly new acquisitions are already in tsarstvovaniyu dynasties Burbonov (see Fig. III stake X).

France XX century. History 1902-1907 estimates.

Wed, 30 May 2007 14:18 -0700

Elections to the Chamber of Deputies, took place in the spring of 1902, created in the Chamber of Deputies radical majority. The government no longer needed to support a variety of elements from different Republican parties : the policy was vindicated by the Cabinet Valdeka-Russo voters. Nevertheless, on 20 May Valdek-Russo all of a sudden and for the opponents, and even supporters said that his cabinet resigns, considering their responsibilities to appease France executed. Attempts to explain the enemies cabinet resigned strife in the Cabinet have nothing not based. Even with the lower right could find the cause of the resignation in the outcome of elections; In the Chamber of Deputies was 589 to 233 radical and radikala-sotsialista, 62 Republicans and 43 government sotsialista who did not deny the Cabinet in its support. The government majority was achieved and the resignation of the cabinet-the first and only time in the history of the Third Republic, was clearly voluntary. In the same month of May was held visit President of the Republic, Lube, in St. Petersburg.

In late May, the French colony of Martinique was struck by a terrible volcanic eruption, considered to be a walk, and the major earthquake that destroyed almost all the settlements island. The loss before 40,000 people. June 1 was opened summer session of Parliament. The Chamber of Deputies elected for the presidency radical Leona Bourgeois majority of 303 goal. against 267 cast for former President opportunista Deshanelya. The establishment of a new cabinet charged with radikalu Kombu. He assumed the portfolio of domestic affairs and from the old cabinet retained only military Minister gene. Andre and Foreign Minister Delkasse. The remaining members of the Cabinet : Minister of Justice-Valle, the Marine Minister-Kamill Pelletan, Minister of Trade-Trulo, agriculture-Muzho, colonies - Dumerg (all five-radicals, or radikaly-sotsialisty), the Minister of Education-Shome, Public Works-Maryuezhul, Minister of Finance, Ruve (the last three Republicans). Delkasse and Ruve represented in the cabinet of right wing Republican Party. Socialists, who in the Cabinet Valdeka-Russo belonged Mileran and Boden, in the new Cabinet have been submitted; Nevertheless, they were a block parliamentary parties, which supported the Cabinet Komba and all the activities of the cabinet represented a special parliamentary organization of parties, based on a federal beginning with a permanent general committee. The Ministerial Declaration promised to repeal the law Fallu, income tax, two military service, insurance against old age and disease. She declared war nationalists and clergy, but is not related to the separation of church and state, but only expressed the intention to strictly apply the law Valdeka-Russo of Congregations. Nevertheless, the Catholic Church understood the declaration as a challenge to the Ministry and immediately began to mobilise their forces against the government.

In turn, the government has scheduled in June announced the closure of 135 schools of various denominations. Congregation does not always abide voluntarily; Close their schools had sometimes with the help of the armed forces. Later, similar actions have been taken in a more cautious way, but still sparked resistance and resentment. Members of congregations emigrated to Italy, Belgium, and especially in Spain. The government did not hesitate to uvolnyalo officials for participating in a hostile demonstrations; At the beginning of 1903 had been dismissed a few generals and colonels, his wife and daughter took demonstrative part in the charity bazaars staged spiritual congregations. It was withdrawn by the French Ambassador in Petersburg Montebello configured klerikalno and replaced Bomparom, advocated a policy of the Cabinet. Debate in the House has been extremely violent, but the government has always been endorsed by 70-120 votes in the House and 50-70 votes in the Senate. In November 1902 the north of France was engulfed huge strike in the coal mines, but the government, through the peaceful intervention failed to persuade both sides to assignments and stop this lock out. In late 1902 min-stvo made to the Chamber of Deputies a draft law on teaching, repealed the law Fallu. Right opening of school was only for people with higher secular education (by law Fallu was quite average, still-secular or religious); Control over instruction given secular authorities, which have the authority to close schools. On those offering educational institution, required a declaration that they do not belong to unauthorized congregations. Because of a new law to be close to 10000 schools contents clergy, with a total enrolment : boys and girls-350000 - 580000. To fill the gap created by the government would take care of the immediate opening of 1921 more new schools and the expansion of several thousand old. This placed the burden of paying taxes to 50 million franc. single and over 9 million annually, whereas previously, the expenses fall on the churches and monasteries.

In November 1903 the government made in the Senate Valdek-Russo, arguing that it was too severely, regardless of the circumstances, a law congregations. That this has sold opponents cabinet, but did not have much impact; The government maintains and after their majority in both chambers. In July 1904 law on teaching passed through both chambers and entered into force; Law Fallu final break. In January 1905 the government held by the House ban on the teaching of theology in the Breton language. The abolition of the concordat government, however, has not been resolved, finding that the religious beliefs of the people is not even on a proper altitude. In September 1903 opening of the monument Trege Renanu gave rise to demonstrations klerikalnym : troops were forced away from the place of triumph large crowd of people. In April 1904 the courts have been removed crucifix and other religious emblems. Although Foreign Minister remained Delkasse, hot supporter franko-russkogo Union, but franko-russkaya friendship during the Cabinet Komba few ohladela. France has moved closer to Britain and Italy. During the 1903 Kings English and Italian visited Paris; Lub� gave them a visit to London and Rome. Visit Lube in Rome (April 1904) was an act not only international but also church policy : he did not find it necessary to visit the Pope, and could not do so because of statements Roman curia that the simultaneous visits to the heads of churches and head of State, Pope had kidnapped his rights may only inovernogo estates. The visiting Italian King, in Rome, the President of the French Republic kuriya saw contempt for themselves and expressed their protest formally.

The French government responded otozvaniem its ambassador from the Vatican (May 1904). Nevertheless, the Pope had delayed its otozvaniem Nuncio from Paris. In July 1904, Pope dismissed two French bishops without the consent of the French for. government. Then was withdrawn from Rome all the French embassy and papskomu nuntsiyu was informed that his stay in Paris is no longer any purpose. Diplomatic relations between France and the holy throne had been disrupted. Several episkopskih priests and chairs that are vacant, could not be replaced because of the impossibility of an agreement between the French. government and kuriey. The political rapprochement with Italy and England has been completed agreements on the peaceful arbitration, disputes between them; the same contracts were signed with Spain, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands. Another agreement between France and Britain was the colonial issues. France has pledged not to require the evacuation of British Egypt; England acknowledged that France has the right to preserve peace and order in Morocco and the Moroccan Sultan provide the necessary military and financial assistance; In the next 30 years, France and England should enjoy in Egypt and Morocco the same trading position; to ensure freedom of navigation on Gibraltarskomu strait to some parts of Morocco not be vozdvigaemo seaside ramparts; relative to fishing in Newfoundland France abandoned by her Utrecht privileges; in Senegambia but produced in France's favour patch boundaries between French and British possessions, England and France had ceded to a group of islands at the mouth of the Niger; Siame in River Menam recognized border between the spheres of influence in England and France, and Powers both pledged not to attach themselves to Siam; England refused to influence the customs laws of Madagascar. 6th October 1904, Spain recognized franko-angliyskoe agreement to Morocco.

In agreement with England has been drawn attention to the interests of Germany, which has known claim to Morocco. In late 1904 began, as a result, a quarrel between France and Germany, a few poshatnuvshie Delkasse situation. Meanwhile, the latest very cherished rapprochement with Germany : it allowed the expulsion from France elzastsa Delsora, arrived in Paris to organize rallies and lectures on elzasskomu issue. - Movement of the Income Tax slowed by the Minister of Finance, did not retreating from the financial policies of previous cabinets; zhel ransom. State roads, he announced late. - In the 1903 case was reopened gradually. Additional his investigation was completed only in July 1906 : Court of Cassation quashed the verdict Rennskogo court acknowledged Esterh�zy author of the infamous Bordereau is unnecessary and a retrial, referring to a special law which conducted through the House, Dreyfus and his supporters Colonel Pikkar been restored in all their official Rights. The outcome of the case has not caused irritation old passions : French nationalism, in the form in which it appeared in the film, by that time no longer existed. To fall m-va the son Komba, who was the father in the private Acting Secretary, was vzvedeno slur in bribery. A Marine Minister Pelltana been systematic crusade led by one of his predecessors at the ministry, the substituent (but with a clear nationalist flavor), Lokrua. In this fight, reflected in part two opposing views on Naval Science : Pelltan supporter of the small-military vessels (Hiryu and kontr-minonostsev) Lokrua-carriers and cruisers (Russko-Yaponskaya war proved that the dispute was right Lokrua). Lokrua argued that Pelltan weakens fleet as a disproportionately large tratami on smaller boats, and recruiting employees, which he considered to be more political convictions appointed than their usefulness to the cause. The same kind of a crusade against Defense Minister Andre undoubtedly contributed to the development of the army among political denunciations. He has been replaced radikal-sotsialist Berto. The agitation against the Cabinet took part and a former minister in the Cabinet Valdeka-Russo, socialist Mileran, obvinyavshy government that it is because of church policy neglects social policies. Of the compounds clericals and nationalists to socialists and radicals formed a united and strong opposition. At the opening session of Parliament in January 1905 of radicals presently a candidate for the presidency of the Chamber of Paul Dumera belonging to the Radical Party, but participated in the agitation against the Cabinet. Dumer was selected 265 goal. 240 against, the candidate ministry Brissonu.

A few days later, when the general policy of the Cabinet, he has received expression of approval of a majority of 289 votes against 279. Discontent in a paltry majority Komb resigned (January 14, 1905), in power proderzhavshis 2 years and 7 months. January 24, 1905 formed a new cabinet. It is headed by an Ruve remainder Minister of Finance. Of lrezhnego included in the new cabinet are Shome, peremnivshy portfolio of Education to justice, Foreign Minister Delkasse and military Minister Berto. The new ministers are : Etienne Minister internal. Affairs; Thomson, Marine Minister; Bienvenu Martin, the Minister of Education and Religious Affairs; Dyubef, Minister of Trade, Posts and Telecommunications; Klyumentel Minister colonies; Ryuo, Minister of Agriculture; Gauthier, Minister of Public Works. Those with strong overtones of radical (Komb, Pelltan, Valle, Dumerg) all but Berto withdrew from the Cabinet; Left his side has been strengthened radikalami-sotsialistami Dyubefom and Benvenyu-Martenom and radicals Ryuo and Klyumentelem, but not in their hands were the most important portfolios. In its first declaration Cabinet Ruve pledged to continue the policies of all major Komba. Church policy of the government has changed very little, unless becoming somewhat more flexible. M-vom draft amendment separation of church and state is only slightly different from the project earlier proposed Brianom. The essence of the law, promulgated in late 1905, is as follows : Republic does not recognize, does not pay and does not subsidize any church. Starting from January 1, 1906 destroyed the state budget practices, as well as the cost of their departments and communities. During the year, the movable and immovable property Church, with all the obligations incumbent on them, handed religious associations believers. Property, formerly belonged to the State, departments or communities were returned to them by affiliation, with a commitment for a certain period of time to give them housing associations believers. Ministers of the church, prosluzhivshim at least 30 years and have reached the age of sixty, a lifetime annual pension from the state, amounting to 3 / 4 of their former salaries; In the lowest age and with fewer years of service, given a pension at a reduced rate. Worshippers are arranged Association enjoying freedom of worship. The separation of Church and State was attacked from two sides. Right klerikaly attacked him for the removal of children from their church privileged position in the State; In ending dependence of church and state, they saw a violation of freedom of conscience; Church property klerikaly considered an asset of the church and attack them called looting.

On the left of the socialist camp, the government has been blamed for the lack of decisiveness and consistency; It has been pointed out that the so-called church property purchased by the state church, and therefore, may be considered public domain. - The Health Insurance Act of persons living wage, has been held in the Cabinet Ruve; Bill on Income Tax that the Cabinet does not yet been introduced. Significantly increased the fleet, in view of the fact that in 1898, the German navy was only 1 / 4 French, the 1908 should have a 3 / 4, and in 1917-to surpass him if France did not build 24 large military ship. - In February 1905, in Paris met international court tried the case of the sinking British ships Russian navy (see Hull incident). In late April, Paris returned to the English king, in late May and early June, Spanish, life has been made an attempt Spanish patent drop a bomb in his cab. Tsusimskaya catastrophe (15 [28] May 1905), undermining Russian power at sea, has been unprofitable for supporters russofilskoy policy. 6th June 1905 took place Delkasse Ruve amid Merlu finance portfolio. The task Ruve as mine. publicity. cases were resolved a dispute with Germany. Conference convened for the purpose, met in Alzhesirase (in Spain) and in April 1906 produced an act that recognized the sovereignty of the Moroccan Sultan, the inviolability of its holdings and economic equality of powers in Morocco. In reality, however, all the internal management of Morocco was placed under very strict supervision European powers. Sultan Police Chief should appoint an officer recommended him to the Swiss government. - Unrest measures taken by the Cabinet against education officials syndicates resulted in the resignation of Defense Minister Berto. He was succeeded by Etienne; Portfolio of the Minister of the Interior referred to the Minister of Commerce Dyubefu was replaced Trulo, a moderate Republican.

February 19, 1906 to expire on a seven-year presidential term Lube, which strongly rejected the secondary candidates. On 17 January the President of the Republic, elected President of the Senate Fallier, received 449 votes against 379, the right candidate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies Dumeru. During Falliera votirovali not only all Republicans and the Left radicals (by the way, Brisson and Bourgeois), but also the socialists, with Zhoresom headed. March 7, 1906 Ruve retired; seat occupants Cabinet radical Sarrena. Of the old cabinet moved to a new military Minister Etienne, Marine Minister Thomson and mines. Agriculture Ryuo. Color cabinet gave the new Minister of Internal Affairs, radikal-sotsialist Cl�menceau, famous krushitel ministries, for the first time issued a ministerial portfolio, the Minister of Education is an independent socialist Aristide Brian (chief campaigner for the separation of Church and State); Foreign Minister-Radical Bourgeois; Minister of Commerce-Radical Dumerg (not to be confused with Dumerom). Sam Sarren who has a portfolio of Justice, stood politically, as it were, in the heart of the Cabinet. On the right side of the new cabinet were Finance Minister Poincar�, colonies Leyg Minister and Minister of Public Works Bartu. The Cabinet includes the most outstanding personalities French parliament : it has been called the Cabinet patrons. Education of the cabinet was left in the same way as the choice Falliera. His main task was to the law on Sunday rest, which in enterprises, it does not allow, it may be replaced by recreational another day of the week. The law that caused great discontent in England; Nevertheless, it came into effect, and even though there are violated. When the Russian government has asked for permission to put a new loan in France, in the office of a disagreement : Cl�menceau was fiercely opposed to the loan, but it stood Poincar� and Bourgeois, and the issuance of the loan to French money market was resolved in April 1906 May 6, 1906 there have been elections to the Chamber of Deputies, peremestivshie centre of parliamentary life has left. Of the 8900 000 votes cast by the Socialist party fell 970000, 160000 Socialists independent, sotsialistov-radikalov 3100 000, 850000 radicals, left-total received 5080 000 votes; Right, as well as the progressives, not collected their 3600 000. Combined Socialists have 53 seats in the House, radicals and radikaly-sotsialisty-360. All chiefs left returned to the House, including Jules Ged, zaballotirovanny in 1898 and 1902 respectively. ; Only Lafargue again failed (in the fight against independent sotsialistom Mileranom). Right and nationalists have lost many of their leaders (eg Fluransa, Rocha, Piu).

June 19 opens session of Parliament; President of the Chamber of Deputies was elected Brisson. The right-wing cabinet members made it difficult. In October Sarren due to the inability to reconcile differences in the Cabinet had resigned. The new cabinet was formed Klemanso October 26, 1906 from the old cabinet moved to the new with the same portfolios himself Cl�menceau, Thomson, Bartu, Ryuo, and Brian. Portfolio Justice received Guyot Dessen, the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, Pishon, finance, Kalo, trade-Dumerg, colonies Millies-Lacroix (not to confuse with Ed. Lokrua, Bangkok. Marine Minister), Ministry of military-General Pikkar until participated in parliamentary life, is known for his role in the affair. Newly created a special ministry of labour and social activities by the then Viviani. The office thus been two independent sotsialista (Brian and Viviani), three radikala-sotsialista (Cl�menceau, Pishon and Dumerg), five radicals (Dessen, Kalo, Pikkar, Lacroix, Ryuo) and two Republicans (Thomson and Bart). In November 5 in the upper chambers declaration Ministry said that the government would protect the peace, not forgetting, however, that peace between civilized peoples based on military force. At home, the government will strengthen democracy; This lead to what some of the manifestations of government will take a more moderate form. There will be a draft reform of the military courts : the crimes against the common law will be transferred to the general courts and disciplinary proceedings, subject to all the necessary guarantees. The government intends to enact a law on insurance workers, improve laws on trade unions, a progressive income tax. In January 1907 a deputy Flandenom introduced a bill on freedom of assembly, which abolished the mandatory pre-application for a meeting of police authorities; The project received government support. Russian government efforts to conclude a new loan in France met resistance Klemanso and Kalo; Last expressly stated in the Chamber of Deputies that the Russian loan is not approved by the State Duma, there can be no question in France. During the first cabinet of strikes in France found rare neutrality, but in 1907 moved in this regard on the road of their predecessors. Shared among bureaucrats desire to education syndicates Cabinet seemed dangerous to correct the state machine; Finding that the work stoppage officials could not be priravnivaemy to stachkam job, he chased syndicates officials, in particular to the teachers. This happened between the cabinet and cooling socialists who at the end of April 1907 moved into outright opposition cabinet; Among radikalov-sotsialistov and radicals also found strong dissatisfaction.

Literature

Tue, 29 May 2007 08:17 -0700

The most comprehensive bibliography on the history of pre-revolutionary France, issued in 1888 G. Mono (see), entitled "Bibliographie de l'histoire de France" (cf. Istoriografiya in F.). Cf. M. Petrov, "National historiography in F., Germany and England" (1861). General essays. Simonde de Sismondi, "Histoire des Fran�ais" (1821-44); Monteil, "Histoire des Fran�ais des �tats divers"; Michelet, "Histoire de France" (1845-67); H. Martin, "Histoire de France" (1856 sq). ; Guizot, "Histoire de France, racont�e � mes petits enfants" (1870-75); Rambaud, "Hist. fran�aise de la civilisation "and" Histoire de la civilisation contemporaine "(1888); E. Lavisse (in collaboration with a number of scientists), "Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'� la r�volution" (1901 and SK. ; This work has just started to appear in the light). Atlas : Lognon, "Atlas historique de la France" (1888); Common historical atlases Droyzena, Shradera etc. In German literature, E. A. Schmidt, "Geschichte von Frankreich" (1839-49), the continuation Wachsmuth.

In 1958 the constitution of the Fifth Republic

Mon, 28 May 2007 03:24 -0700

In 1958 the constitution of the Fifth Republic, which has expanded the rights of the executive branch. President became General Charles de Gaulle. By 1960, in an atmosphere of the collapse of the colonial system won independence most of the French colonies in Africa.

In 1962, after the brutal war, Algeria gained independence. Profrantsuzskie Algerians came to France, where a fast-growing Muslim minority. Massive unrest Youth and Students (Mayskie events in France 1968), due to worsening economic and social contradictions, as well as the general strike caused a severe crisis of the public. Charles de Gaulle was forced to resign (1969).
The second President Fifth Republic in 1969 was elected gollist Georges Pompidou, in 1962-1968 has served as Prime Minister.

In 1974 he was succeeded by Valerie Giscard d'Estaing.

From 1981 to 1995 presidency was a socialist Francois Mitterrand.

From May 17, 1995 and re-elected in May 2002, President Jacques Chirac. Since May 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy.

History France XX century.

Sun, 27 May 2007 08:24 -0700

In 1940, Paris could not withstand the occupation of Nazi Germany, burning and France established kollaboratsionistsky regime embedded in the history called Vichy regime.

In the resort town of Vichy, where in July 1940, brought together National Assembly postanovivshee transfer dictatorial power Marshal Henri Philippe Petenu; This marked the end of the Third Republic. Vichy regime ceased to exist only in 1944 with the release of the French Resistance allies and the rebels. Its main leaders were convicted of treason in 1945-1946.

Second Empire (1852-1870)

Sat, 26 May 2007 17:12 -0700

December 2, 1852 as a result of the plebiscite was a constitutional monarchy headed by the nephew of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon Bonapartom who took the name of Napoleon III. Earlier, Louis Napoleon was president of the Second Republic (1848-1852).

After Napoleon III in the war franko-prusskoy hit a German prisoner under Sedanom (September 1870), held in Bordeaux, France, the National Assembly nizlozhilo him and Second Empire ceased to exist.

The July Monarchy (1830-1848)

Fri, 25 May 2007 17:12 -0700

The July revolution in 1830 swept Polinyaka government; He and most of his ministers have been arrested, was declared constitutional order. The only condition for maintaining power for Karla was to recognize the Constitution and swear to it; In these circumstances, he would prefer to abdicate and immediately demanded the removal of a senior his son, Duke Angulemskogo (which is within 20 minutes was formally King Louis XIX). His successor he described as a decade grandson, Count Shambora and regentom (Iksan kingdom) appointed Duke Orleanskogo Lui-Filippa. Then Carl again went into exile in Britain.

Restoration (1814-1830).

Thu, 24 May 2007 05:18 -0700

April 6, 1814 the Senate, acting on the suggestion of Talleyrand and the wish of the allies, declared the restoration of the monarchy Burbonov, in the person of Louis XVIII, provided, however, taking the oath of allegiance to the constitution drawn up by the Senate, is much more free than Napoleon.

Consulate and the Empire (1799-1814).

Wed, 23 May 2007 08:13 -0700

After the coup 18 Brumaire sole power in France represent an interim government consisting of three consuls (Bonaparte Sieys, Rozhe-Dyuko). Consul - or, more precisely, Consul Bonaparte, as well as two others were nothing more than his equipment-operating with strong autocratic state. By 22-mu frimera VIII of the city commission vyrabatyvavshie constitution finished its work; Sieysa project has been redesigned according to the wishes of Bonaparte, which is a main sponsor of the constitution.

This was a monarch's constitution, maintaining only the spectre of People's Power. The Constitution gives ultimate executive power three consuls, appointed to the ten-year term of the first consul-Bonaparte, the second - and third Kambaseresa (for a five-year term) - Lebrena. All power was now in the hands of Bonaparte. He formed a ministry, which included Talleyrand as Foreign Minister, Lucien Bonaparte (Interior Minister), Salmon (Minister of Police). Reign of Napoleon was filled with some interruptions, wars, the first thing extremely happy for France, albeit with certain adverse episodes (Trafalgarskaya battle); F. extended its power and influence almost all of Europe, leaving a deep imprint on its internal regulations. Since failures in Spain (see Ispano-portugalskaya war 1807-14 estimates.) And the continuing war with Russia in 1812, happiness has changed the empire (see Napoleon War and Napoleon I). Arbitrariness Napoleon shoved him all sohranyavshuyu still love of freedom of Intellectuals (1810 censure, expulsion de Stal, Constant and others - see Napoleon I); Clergy, barely primirivsheesya with him again to His will the heaviest of his enemy.

The old aristocracy, which he allowed to return to their homeland, which has tried to bring to his yard and I could not accept any loss of old wealth or with a new provision in the yard and gaze steadily oskorblyavshego its emperor. Popular masses feel utomlennymi and demanded podatnogo alleviate the burden and end the war. The minute test could not count on their fortitude and resilience; Indeed, after the allied army in Paris (March 31, 1814), designated by him as the Senate declared April 3, 1814 overturning it from the throne, the publication of his "Act of dislodging a" indictment against him, in which he placed the blame for violations of the constitution, committed to a continuing and active support of the Senate.

In the first third of the XV. France made the case even worse

Tue, 22 May 2007 00:13 -0700

In the first third of the XV. France made the case even worse; Britons seized huge territory to the Loire. Paused this war process of collecting France resumed with Carla VII (1422-1461), who managed to expel the British. Among the fiefs of the descendants of St. Louis in this era vozvysilas Burgundy, which has rested its western part in France (see table. II stake IX), in eastern Germany. Louis XI (1461-1483) in 1477, added the French (Duke of Burgundy) to their possessions.

In addition, the king has the right to inherit from the last column Anzhuyskogo Provence (1481), won Bulone (1477) and subjugated itself Pikardiyu. When Carla VIII (1483-1498) ended Men line vladetelnogo homes Brittany (1488); Heir of his rights was the wife of Charles VIII, following his death emerged for Louis XII (1498-1515), which was prepared and adherence Brittany. Thus, a history F. comes almost united, and it remains to grow mainly on the east by St. Roman Empire. The first such acquisition (three letters : Mets, Tul and Verden), it was done with Heinrich II, but finally approved only centuries later. Mainly new acquisitions are already in tsarstvovaniyu dynasties Burbonov (see Fig. III stake X).